> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.into.space/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Deterministic Resolution

> How crypto markets resolve automatically

Crypto markets resolve using oracle price feeds with Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP) calculations.

## **Infrastructure**

**Primary:** Pyth Network ([link](https://www.pyth.network/))

**Fallback:** Switchboard ([link](https://switchboard.xyz/))

Both provide real-time, cryptographically signed price data for crypto assets.

## TWAP Calculation

Markets resolve using a 15-minute Time-Weighted Average Price ending at market expiry.

$$
\text{TWAP} = \sum_{i} (p_i \times t_i) / \sum_{i}t_i
$$

Where:

* $p_i$ is the price at data point $i$
* $t_i$ is the duration that the price was active
* Window: 15 minutes ending at expiry $T$

**Example:**

|                 | **Value**                                         |
| --------------: | ------------------------------------------------- |
|      **Market** | "Will BTC close above \$150,000 on Dec 31, 2025?" |
|      **Expiry** | Dec 31, 2025 23:59:59 UTC                         |
| **TWAP Window** | 23:45:00 – 23:59:59 UTC                           |

If $\text{TWAP} \ge 150000$ → YES wins

If $\text{TWAP} < 150,000$ → NO wins

## Why TWAP?

Single-timestamp prices are manipulable. A 15-minute average requires sustained price movement, making flash loan attacks or brief manipulation ineffective.

## Multi-Feed Protection

$$
\text{Final Price} = \text{Median}(\text{Pyth Price}, \text{Switchboard Price})
$$

If $\frac{|\text{Pyth} - \text{Switchboard}|}{\text{Median}} > 2\% $: → Pause resolution → Alert admins → Manual review

Cross-validation prevents single oracle failures.

## Price Clamping

Maximum 1% price movement per minute during TWAP window. Outliers beyond 3 standard deviations are rejected.

## Liveness Checks

TWAP window requires a minimum number of oracle updates (approximately 2 per minute = 30 updates for 15-minute window).

**If insufficient updates:**

* Check if oracle is down
* If yes: extend window
* If no: mark market invalid